Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting high-risk populations such as children and the elderly.Pathogens usually activate local immune responses at the site of infection, resulting in both protective and inflammatory responses, which may lead to local changes in the microbiota, metabolites,
Pain causes altered arousal and specific behaviours that are rare at other times (pain indicators).We examined whether beef cows (mean age 6 bvla reema years) are sensitive to pain indicators in addition to arousal following ear tagging and rubber ring castration (males only, n = 31) of their calf (n = 58).Behavioural pain indicators and activity w
Among collagen members in the collagen superfamily, type XIX collagen has raised increasing interest in relation to its structural and biological roles.Type XIX collagen is a Fibril-Associated Collagen with Interrupted Triple helices member, one main subclass of collagens in this superfamily.This collagen contains a triple helix composed of three p
Oxidative stress, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), are important for innate immunity against pathogens.ROS directly attack pathogens, regulate and amplify immune signals, induce autophagy and activate inflammation.In addition, production of ROS by pathogens affects the endoplasmic malibu relaxer reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, leading t